int x[3][4];

Here, x is a two-dimensional array. It can hold a maximum of 12 elements.

We can think of this array as a table with 3 rows and each row has 4 columns as shown below.

Three-dimensional arrays also work in a similar way. For example:

float x[2][4][3];

This array x can hold a maximum of 24 elements.

We can find out the total number of elements in the array simply by multiplying its dimensions:

2 x 4 x 3 = 24

Multidimensional Array Initialization

Like a normal array, we can initialize a multidimensional array in more than one way.

1. Initialization of two-dimensional array

int test[2][3] = {2, 4, 5, 9, 0, 19};

The above method is not preferred. A better way to initialize this array with the same array elements is given below:

int  test[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};

This array has 2 rows and 3 columns, which is why we have two rows of elements with 3 elements each.

2. Initialization of three-dimensional array

int test[2][3][4] = {3, 4, 2, 3, 0, -3, 9, 11, 23, 12, 23, 
                 2, 13, 4, 56, 3, 5, 9, 3, 5, 5, 1, 4, 9};

This is not a good way of initializing a three-dimensional array. A better way to initialize this array is:

int test[2][3][4] = { 
                     { {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} },
                     { {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {5, 1, 4, 9} }
                 };

Example 1: Two Dimensional Array

// C++ Program to display all elements
// of an initialised two dimensional array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
    int test[3][2] = {{2, -5},
                      {4, 0},
                      {9, 1}};

    // use of nested for loop
    // access rows of the array
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {

        // access columns of the array
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
            cout << "test[" << i << "][" << j << "] = " << test[i][j] << endl;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Output

test[0][0] = 2
test[0][1] = -5
test[1][0] = 4
test[1][1] = 0
test[2][0] = 9
test[2][1] = 1

In the above example, we have initialized a two-dimensional int array named test that has 3 “rows” and 2 “columns”.

Here, we have used the nested for loop to display the array elements.

• the outer loop from i = 0 to i = 2 access the rows of the array
• the inner loop from j = 0 to j = 1 access the columns of the array

Example 2: Taking Input for Two Dimensional Array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
    int numbers[2][3];

    cout << "Enter 6 numbers: " << endl;

    // Storing user input in the array
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            cin >> numbers[i][j];
        }
    }

    cout << "The numbers are: " << endl;

    //  Printing array elements
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            cout << "numbers[" << i << "][" << j << "]: " << numbers[i][j] << endl;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Output

Enter 6 numbers: 
1
2
3
4
5
6
The numbers are:
numbers[0][0]: 1
numbers[0][1]: 2
numbers[0][2]: 3
numbers[1][0]: 4
numbers[1][1]: 5
numbers[1][2]: 6

Here, we have used a nested for loop to take the input of the 2d array. Once all the input has been taken, we have used another nested for loop to print the array members.

Example 3: Three Dimensional Array

// C++ Program to Store value entered by user in
// three dimensional array and display it.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
    // This array can store upto 12 elements (2x3x2)
    int test[2][3][2] = {
                            {
                                {1, 2},
                                {3, 4},
                                {5, 6}
                            }, 
                            {
                                {7, 8}, 
                                {9, 10}, 
                                {11, 12}
                            }
                        };

    // Displaying the values with proper index.
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            for (int k = 0; k < 2; ++k) {
                cout << "test[" << i << "][" << j << "][" << k << "] = " << test[i][j][k] << endl;
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Output

test[0][0][0] = 1
test[0][0][1] = 2
test[0][1][0] = 3
test[0][1][1] = 4
test[0][2][0] = 5
test[0][2][1] = 6
test[1][0][0] = 7
test[1][0][1] = 8
test[1][1][0] = 9
test[1][1][1] = 10
test[1][2][0] = 11
test[1][2][1] = 12

The basic concept of printing elements of a 3d array is similar to that of a 2d array.

However, since we are manipulating 3 dimensions, we use a nested for loop with 3 total loops instead of just 2.

As we can see, the complexity of the array increases exponentially with the increase in dimensions.