PostgreSQL – PRIVILEGES Whenever an object is created in a database, an owner is assigned to it. The owner is usually the one who executed the creation statement. For most kinds of objects, the initial state is that only the owner (or a superuser) can modify or delete the object. To allow other roles …
PostgreSQL – AUTO INCREMENT PostgreSQL has the data types smallserial, serial and bigserial; these are not true types, but merely a notational convenience for creating unique identifier columns. These are similar to AUTO_INCREMENT property supported by some other databases. If you wish a serial column to have a unique constraint or be a primary key, it must now …
PostgreSQL – Sub Queries A subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another PostgreSQL query and embedded within the WHERE clause. A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved. Subqueries can be …
PostgreSQL – LOCKS Locks or Exclusive Locks or Write Locks prevent users from modifying a row or an entire table. Rows modified by UPDATE and DELETE are then exclusively locked automatically for the duration of the transaction. This prevents other users from changing the row until the transaction is either committed or rolled back. The only time when users …
PostgreSQL – TRANSACTIONS A transaction is a unit of work that is performed against a database. Transactions are units or sequences of work accomplished in a logical order, whether in a manual fashion by a user or automatically by some sort of a database program. A transaction is the propagation of one or more …
PostgreSQL – VIEWS Views are pseudo-tables. That is, they are not real tables; nevertheless appear as ordinary tables to SELECT. A view can represent a subset of a real table, selecting certain columns or certain rows from an ordinary table. A view can even represent joined tables. Because views are assigned separate permissions, you …
PostgreSQL – TRUNCATE TABLE Command The PostgreSQL TRUNCATE TABLE command is used to delete complete data from an existing table. You can also use DROP TABLE command to delete complete table but it would remove complete table structure from the database and you would need to re-create this table once again if you wish to store …
PostgreSQL – ALTER TABLE Command The PostgreSQL ALTER TABLE command is used to add, delete or modify columns in an existing table. You would also use ALTER TABLE command to add and drop various constraints on an existing table. Syntax The basic syntax of ALTER TABLE to add a new column in an existing table is as follows …
PostgreSQL – INDEXES Indexes are special lookup tables that the database search engine can use to speed up data retrieval. Simply put, an index is a pointer to data in a table. An index in a database is very similar to an index in the back of a book. For example, if you want to …
PostgreSQL – TRIGGERS PostgreSQL Triggers are database callback functions, which are automatically performed/invoked when a specified database event occurs. The following are important points about PostgreSQL triggers − PostgreSQL trigger can be specified to fire Before the operation is attempted on a row (before constraints are checked and the INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE is attempted) After …