Very often, we have data from multiple sources. To perform an analysis, we need to merge two dataframes together with one or more common key variables.

In this tutorial, you will learn

• Full match
• Partial match

Full match

A full match returns values that have a counterpart in the destination table. The values that are not match won’t be return in the new data frame. The partial match, however, return the missing values as NA.

We will see a simple inner join. The inner join keyword selects records that have matching values in both tables. To join two datasets, we can use merge() function. We will use three arguments :

merge(x, y, by.x = x, by.y = y)

Arguments: -x: The origin data frame -y: The data frame to merge -by.x: The column used for merging in x data frame. Column x to merge on -by.y: The column used for merging in y data frame. Column y to merge on

Example:

• surname
• nationality

Create Second Dataset with variables

• surname
• movies

The common key variable is surname. We can merge both data and check if the dimensionality is 7×3.

We add stringsAsFactors=FALSE in the data frame because we don’t want R to convert string as factor, we want the variable to be treated as character.

# Create origin dataframe(

producers <- data.frame(   
    surname =  c("Spielberg","Scorsese","Hitchcock","Tarantino","Polanski"),    
    nationality = c("US","US","UK","US","Poland"),    
    stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

# Create destination dataframe
movies <- data.frame(    
    surname = c("Spielberg",
		"Scorsese",
                "Hitchcock",
              	"Hitchcock",
                "Spielberg",
                "Tarantino",
                "Polanski"),    
    title = c("Super 8",
    		"Taxi Driver",
    		"Psycho",
    		"North by Northwest",
    		"Catch Me If You Can",
    		"Reservoir Dogs","Chinatown"),                
     		stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

# Merge two datasets
m1 <- merge(producers, movies, by.x = "surname")
m1
dim(m1)

Output:

surname		nationality		title
1 Hitchcock		UK		Psycho
2 Hitchcock		UK		North by Northwest
3 Polanski		Poland		Chinatown
4 Scorsese		US		Taxi Driver
5 Spielberg		US		Super 8
6 Spielberg		US		Catch Me If You Can
7 Tarantino		US		Reservoir Dogs

Let’s merge data frames when the common key variables have different names.

We change surname to name in the movies data frame. We use the function identical(x1, x2) to check if both dataframes are identical.

# Change name of ` movies ` dataframe
colnames(movies)[colnames(movies) == 'surname'] <- 'name'
# Merge with different key value
m2 <- merge(producers, movies, by.x = "surname", by.y = "name")
# Print head of the data
head(m2)

Output:

##surname     nationality		title
## 1 Hitchcock          UK		Psycho
## 2 Hitchcock          UK		North by Northwest
## 3 Polanski          Poland		Chinatown
## 4 Scorsese           US		Taxi Driver
## 5 Spielberg          US		Super 8
## 6 Spielberg          US		Catch Me If You Can

# Check if data are identical
identical(m1, m2)

Output:

## [1] TRUE

This shows that merge operation is performed even if the column names are different.

Partial match

It is not surprising that two dataframes do not have the same common key variables. In the full matching, the dataframe returns only rows found in both x and y data frame. With partial merging, it is possible to keep the rows with no matching rows in the other data frame. These rows will have NA in those columns that are usually filled with values from y. We can do that by setting all.x= TRUE.

For instance, we can add a new producer, Lucas, in the producer data frame without the movie references in movies data frame. If we set all.x= FALSE, R will join only the matching values in both data set. In our case, the producer Lucas will not be join to the merge because it is missing from one dataset.

Let’s see the dimension of each output when we specify all.x= TRUE and when we don’t.

# Create a new producer
add_producer <-  c('Lucas', 'US')
#  Append it to the ` producer` dataframe
producers <- rbind(producers, add_producer)
# Use a partial merge 
m3 <-merge(producers, movies, by.x = "surname", by.y = "name", all.x = TRUE)
m3

Output:

# Compare the dimension of each data frame
dim(m1)

Output:

## [1] 7 3

dim(m2)

Output:

## [1] 7 3

dim(m3)

Output:

## [1] 8 3

As we can see, the dimension of the new data frame 8×3 compared with 7×3 for m1 and m2. R includes NA for the missing author in the books data frame.