Multiple Linear Regression using R
Linear Regression:
It is the basic and commonly used used type for predictive analysis.It is a statistical approach for modelling relationship between a dependent variable and a given set of independent variables.
These are of two types:
- Simple linear Regression
- Multiple Linear Regression
Let’s Discuss about Multiple Linear Regression using R.
Multiple Linear Regression :
It is the most common form of Linear Regression. Multiple Linear Regression basically describes how a single response variable Y depends linearly on a number of predictor variables.
The basic examples where Multiple Regression can be used are as follows:
- The selling price of a house can depend on the desirability of the location, the number of bedrooms, the number of bathrooms, the year the house was built, the square footage of the lot and a number of other factors.
- The height of a child can depend on the height of the mother, the height of the father, nutrition, and environmental factors.
Estimation of the Model Parameters
Consider a multiple linear Regression model with k independent predictor variable x1, x2……, xk and one response variable y.
Suppose we have n observation on the k+1 variables and the variable of n should be greater than k.
The basic goal in least-squares regression is to fit a hyper-plane into (k + 1)-dimensional space that minimizes the sum of squared residuals.
Before taking the derivative with respect to the model parameters set them equal to zero and derive the least-squares normal equations that the parameters would have to fulfill.
These equations are formulated with the help of vectors and matrices.
Let
The linear Regression model is written in the form as follows:
In linear regression the least square parameters estimates b
Imagine the columns of X to be fixed, they are the data for a specific problem, and say b to be variable. We want to find the “best” b in the sense that the sum of squared residuals is minimized.
The smallest that the sum of squares could be is zero.
Here y is the estimated response vector.
Following R code is used to implement Multiple Linear Regression on following dataset.
dataset looks like this:
# Multiple Linear Regression # Importing the dataset dataset = read.csv('data2.csv') # Encoding categorical data dataset$State = factor(dataset$State, levels = c('New York', 'California', 'Florida'), labels = c(1, 2, 3)) dataset$State |
# Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set # install.packages('caTools') library(caTools) set.seed(123) split = sample.split(dataset$Profit, SplitRatio = 0.8) training_set = subset(dataset, split == TRUE) test_set = subset(dataset, split == FALSE) # Feature Scaling # training_set = scale(training_set) # test_set = scale(test_set) # Fitting Multiple Linear Regression to the Training set regressor = lm(formula = Profit ~ ., data = training_set) # Predicting the Test set results y_pred = predict(regressor, newdata = test_set) |
Output:
Python Example for Beginners
Two Machine Learning Fields
There are two sides to machine learning:
- Practical Machine Learning:This is about querying databases, cleaning data, writing scripts to transform data and gluing algorithm and libraries together and writing custom code to squeeze reliable answers from data to satisfy difficult and ill defined questions. It’s the mess of reality.
- Theoretical Machine Learning: This is about math and abstraction and idealized scenarios and limits and beauty and informing what is possible. It is a whole lot neater and cleaner and removed from the mess of reality.
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