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Learn Keras by Example – Preprocessing Data For Neural Networks

By on Wednesday, May 26, 2021

Preprocessing Data For Neural Networks

Typically, a neural network’s parameters are initialized (i.e. created) as small random numbers. Neural networks often behave poorly when the feature values much larger than parameter values. Furthermore, since an observation’s feature values will are combined as they pass through individual units, it is important that all features have the same scale.

For these reasons, it is best practice (although not always necessary, for example when we have all binary features) to standardize each feature such that the feature’s values have the mean of 0 and the standard deviation of 1. This can be easily accomplished using scikit-learn’s StandardScaler.

Preliminaries


/* Load libraries */
from sklearn import preprocessing
import numpy as np

Create Feature Data


/* Create feature */
features = np.array([[-100.1, 3240.1], 
                     [-200.2, -234.1], 
                     [5000.5, 150.1], 
                     [6000.6, -125.1], 
                     [9000.9, -673.1]])

Standardize Feature Data


/* Create scaler */
scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler()

/* Transform the feature */
features_standardized = scaler.fit_transform(features)

Show Standardized Features


/* Show feature */
features_standardized
array([[-1.12541308,  1.96429418],
       [-1.15329466, -0.50068741],
       [ 0.29529406, -0.22809346],
       [ 0.57385917, -0.42335076],
       [ 1.40955451, -0.81216255]])

Show Standardized Features Summary Statistics


/* Print mean and standard deviation */
print('Mean:', round(features_standardized[:,0].mean()))
print('Standard deviation:', features_standardized[:,0].std())

Mean: 0.0
Standard deviation: 1.0

 

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