Learn Keras by Example – How to Build LSTM Recurrent Neural Network

LSTM Recurrent Neural Network

Oftentimes we have text data that we want to classify. While it is possible to use a type of convolutional network, we are going to focus on a more popular option: the recurrent neural network. The key feature of recurrent neural networks is that information loops back in the network. This gives recurrent neural networks a type of memory it can use to better understand sequential data. A popular choice type of recurrent neural network is the long short-term memory (LSTM) network which allows for information to loop backwards in the network.

Preliminaries


/* Load libraries */
import numpy as np
from keras.datasets import imdb
from keras.preprocessing import sequence
from keras import models
from keras import layers

/* Set random seed */
np.random.seed(0)
Using TensorFlow backend.

Load Dataset On Movie Review Text


/* Set the number of features we want */
number_of_features = 1000

/* Load data and target vector from movie review data */
(train_data, train_target), (test_data, test_target) = imdb.load_data(num_words=number_of_features)

/* Use padding or truncation to make each observation have 400 features */
train_features = sequence.pad_sequences(train_data, maxlen=400)
test_features = sequence.pad_sequences(test_data, maxlen=400)

View First Observation’s Raw Data


/* View first observation */
print(train_data[0])
[1, 14, 22, 16, 43, 530, 973, 2, 2, 65, 458, 2, 66, 2, 4, 173, 36, 256, 5, 25, 100, 43, 838, 112, 50, 670, 2, 9, 35, 480, 284, 5, 150, 4, 172, 112, 167, 2, 336, 385, 39, 4, 172, 2, 2, 17, 546, 38, 13, 447, 4, 192, 50, 16, 6, 147, 2, 19, 14, 22, 4, 2, 2, 469, 4, 22, 71, 87, 12, 16, 43, 530, 38, 76, 15, 13, 2, 4, 22, 17, 515, 17, 12, 16, 626, 18, 2, 5, 62, 386, 12, 8, 316, 8, 106, 5, 4, 2, 2, 16, 480, 66, 2, 33, 4, 130, 12, 16, 38, 619, 5, 25, 124, 51, 36, 135, 48, 25, 2, 33, 6, 22, 12, 215, 28, 77, 52, 5, 14, 407, 16, 82, 2, 8, 4, 107, 117, 2, 15, 256, 4, 2, 7, 2, 5, 723, 36, 71, 43, 530, 476, 26, 400, 317, 46, 7, 4, 2, 2, 13, 104, 88, 4, 381, 15, 297, 98, 32, 2, 56, 26, 141, 6, 194, 2, 18, 4, 226, 22, 21, 134, 476, 26, 480, 5, 144, 30, 2, 18, 51, 36, 28, 224, 92, 25, 104, 4, 226, 65, 16, 38, 2, 88, 12, 16, 283, 5, 16, 2, 113, 103, 32, 15, 16, 2, 19, 178, 32]

View First Observation’s Feature Data


/* View first observation */
test_features[0]
array([  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
         0,   0,   0,   1,  89,  27,   2,   2,  17, 199, 132,   5,   2,
        16,   2,  24,   8, 760,   4,   2,   7,   4,  22,   2,   2,  16,
         2,  17,   2,   7,   2,   2,   9,   4,   2,   8,  14, 991,  13,
       877,  38,  19,  27, 239,  13, 100, 235,  61, 483,   2,   4,   7,
         4,  20, 131,   2,  72,   8,  14, 251,  27,   2,   7, 308,  16,
       735,   2,  17,  29, 144,  28,  77,   2,  18,  12], dtype=int32)

Create LSTM Neural Network Architecture


/* Start neural network */
network = models.Sequential()

/* Add an embedding layer */
network.add(layers.Embedding(input_dim=number_of_features, output_dim=128))

/* Add a long short-term memory layer with 128 units */
network.add(layers.LSTM(units=128))

/* Add fully connected layer with a sigmoid activation function */
network.add(layers.Dense(units=1, activation='sigmoid'))

Compule LSTM Neural Network Architecture


/* Compile neural network */
network.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', # Cross-entropy
                optimizer='Adam', # Adam optimization
                metrics=['accuracy']) # Accuracy performance metric

Train LSTM Neural Network Architecture


/* Train neural network */
history = network.fit(train_features, # Features
                      train_target, # Target
                      epochs=3, # Number of epochs
                      verbose=0, # Do not print description after each epoch
                      batch_size=1000, # Number of observations per batch
                      validation_data=(test_features, test_target)) # Data for evaluation

 

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