In previous chapters, we have used expressions, statements, and blocks without much explaining about them. Now that you know about variables, operators, and literals, it will be easier to understand these concepts.

Java Expressions

A Java expression consists of variables, operators, literals, and method calls. For example,

int score; 
score = 90;

Here, score = 90 is an expression that returns an int. Consider another example,

Double a = 2.2, b = 3.4, result;
result = a + b - 3.4;

Here, a + b - 3.4 is an expression.

if (number1 == number2)
    System.out.println("Number 1 is larger than number 2");

Here, number1 == number2 is an expression that returns a boolean value. Similarly, "Number 1 is larger than number 2" is a string expression.

Java Statements

In Java, each statement is a complete unit of execution. For example,

int score = 9*5;

Here, we have a statement. The complete execution of this statement involves multiplying integers 9 and 5 and then assigning the result to the variable score.

In the above statement, we have an expression 9 * 5. In Java, expressions are part of statements.

Expression statements

We can convert an expression into a statement by terminating the expression with a ;. These are known as expression statements. For example,

// expression
number = 10
// statement
number = 10;

In the above example, we have an expression number = 10. Here, by adding a semicolon (;), we have converted the expression into a statement (number = 10;).

Consider another example,

// expression
++number
// statement
++number;

Declaration Statements

In Java, declaration statements are used for declaring variables. For example,

Double tax = 9.5;

The statement above declares a variable tax which is initialized to 9.5.

Note: There are control flow statements that are used in decision making and looping in Java. You will learn about control flow statements in later chapters.

Java Blocks

A block is a group of statements (zero or more) that is enclosed in curly braces { }. For example,

class Main{
    public static void main(String[] args){
    	
        String band = "Beatles";
    	
        if (band == "Beatles") { // start of block
            System.out.print("Hey ");
            System.out.print("Jude!");
        } // end of block
    }
}

Output:

Hey Jude!

In the above example, we have a block if {....}.

Here, inside the block we have two statements:

• System.out.print("Hey ");
• System.out.print("Jude!");

However, a block may not have any statements. Consider the following examples,

class Main{
    public static void main(String[] args){
    	
        if (10 > 5) { // start of block	
 
        } // end of block
    }
}

This is a valid Java program. Here, we have a block if {...}. However, there is no any statement inside this block.

class AssignmentOperator{
    public static void main(String[] args){  // start of block 	

    } // end of block
}

Here, we have block public static void main() {...}. However, similar to the above example, this block does not have any statement.