(R Tutorials for Citizen Data Scientist)
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. R language is rich in built-in operators and provides following types of operators.
Types of Operators
We have the following types of operators in R programming −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Miscellaneous Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows the arithmetic operators supported by R language. The operators act on each element of the vector.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Adds two vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v+t) it produces the following result − [1] 10.0 8.5 10.0 |
| − | Subtracts second vector from the first |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v-t) it produces the following result − [1] -6.0 2.5 2.0 |
| * | Multiplies both vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v*t) it produces the following result − [1] 16.0 16.5 24.0 |
| / | Divide the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v/t) When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − [1] 0.250000 1.833333 1.500000 |
| %% | Give the remainder of the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v%%t) it produces the following result − [1] 2.0 2.5 2.0 |
| %/% | The result of division of first vector with second (quotient) |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v%/%t) it produces the following result − [1] 0 1 1 |
| ^ | The first vector raised to the exponent of second vector |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v^t) it produces the following result − [1] 256.000 166.375 1296.000 |
Relational Operators
Following table shows the relational operators supported by R language. Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| > | Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v>t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE |
| < | Checks if each element of the first vector is less than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v < t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE |
| == | Checks if each element of the first vector is equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v == t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE |
| <= | Checks if each element of the first vector is less than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v<=t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE |
| >= | Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v>=t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE |
| != | Checks if each element of the first vector is unequal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v!=t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE |
Logical Operators
Following table shows the logical operators supported by R language. It is applicable only to vectors of type logical, numeric or complex. All numbers greater than 1 are considered as logical value TRUE.
Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| & | It is called Element-wise Logical AND operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if both the elements are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) t <- c(4,1,FALSE,2+3i) print(v&t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE |
| | | It is called Element-wise Logical OR operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if one the elements is TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(4,0,FALSE,2+3i) print(v|t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE |
| ! | It is called Logical NOT operator. Takes each element of the vector and gives the opposite logical value. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) print(!v) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE |
The logical operator && and || considers only the first element of the vectors and give a vector of single element as output.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| && | Called Logical AND operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE only if both are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(1,3,TRUE,2+3i) print(v&&t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE |
| || | Called Logical OR operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE if one of them is TRUE. |
v <- c(0,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(0,3,TRUE,2+3i) print(v||t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE |
Assignment Operators
These operators are used to assign values to vectors.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| <−
or = or <<− |
Called Left Assignment |
v1 <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) v2 <<- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) v3 = c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) print(v1) print(v2) print(v3) it produces the following result − [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i |
| ->
or ->> |
Called Right Assignment |
c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) -> v1 c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) ->> v2 print(v1) print(v2) it produces the following result − [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i |
Miscellaneous Operators
These operators are used to for specific purpose and not general mathematical or logical computation.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| : | Colon operator. It creates the series of numbers in sequence for a vector. |
v <- 2:8 print(v) it produces the following result − [1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
| %in% | This operator is used to identify if an element belongs to a vector. |
v1 <- 8 v2 <- 12 t <- 1:10 print(v1 %in% t) print(v2 %in% t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE [1] FALSE |
| %*% | This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. |
M = matrix( c(2,6,5,1,10,4), nrow = 2,ncol = 3,byrow = TRUE) t = M %*% t(M) print(t) it produces the following result − [,1] [,2] [1,] 65 82 [2,] 82 117 |
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