Perfect Binary Tree
In this tutorial, you will learn about the perfect binary tree. Also, you will find working examples for checking a perfect binary tree in C.
A perfect binary tree is a type of binary tree in which every internal node has exactly two child nodes and all the leaf nodes are at the same level.

All the internal nodes have a degree of 2.
Recursively, a perfect binary tree can be defined as:
- If a single node has no children, it is a perfect binary tree of height
h = 0
, - If a node has
h > 0
, it is a perfect binary tree if both of its subtrees are of heighth - 1
and are non-overlapping.

C Examples
The following code is for checking whether a tree is a perfect binary tree.
// Checking if a binary tree is a perfect binary tree in C
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node {
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
// Creating a new node
struct node *newnode(int data){
struct node *node = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return (node);
}
// Calculate the depth
int depth(struct node *node){
int d = 0;
while (node != NULL) {
d++;
node = node->left;
}
return d;
}
// Check if the tree is perfect
bool is_perfect(struct node *root, int d, int level){
// Check if the tree is empty
if (root == NULL)
return true;
// Check the presence of children
if (root->left == NULL && root->right == NULL)
return (d == level + 1);
if (root->left == NULL || root->right == NULL)
return false;
return is_perfect(root->left, d, level + 1) &&
is_perfect(root->right, d, level + 1);
}
// Wrapper function
bool is_Perfect(struct node *root){
int d = depth(root);
return is_perfect(root, d, 0);
}
int main(){
struct node *root = NULL;
root = newnode(1);
root->left = newnode(2);
root->right = newnode(3);
root->left->left = newnode(4);
root->left->right = newnode(5);
root->right->left = newnode(6);
if (is_Perfect(root))
printf("The tree is a perfect binary treen");
else
printf("The tree is not a perfect binary treen");
}
Perfect Binary Tree Theorems
- A perfect binary tree of height h has
2h + 1 – 1
node. - A perfect binary tree with n nodes has height
log(n + 1) – 1 = Θ(ln(n))
. - A perfect binary tree of height h has
2h
leaf nodes. - The average depth of a node in a perfect binary tree is
Θ(ln(n))
.
Python Example for Beginners
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